What is the main contribution of B.F. Skinner to psychology?

B.F. Skinner's primary contribution to psychology is encapsulated in the concepts of operant conditioning and reinforcement theory. Operant conditioning is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. Skinner posited that behaviors could be shaped by consequences; that is, behaviors followed by positive outcomes are likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative outcomes are less likely to recur.

Skinner used experiments with animals, most famously with rats and pigeons, to demonstrate how behaviors could be reinforced using rewards (such as food) or discouraged using punishers. This approach emphasized the role of external stimuli in shaping behavior rather than internal thoughts or feelings, which aligned with the behaviorist perspective dominating psychology during his time.

The other options represent different theories and approaches to psychology that are not directly associated with Skinner. Classical conditioning, for instance, is primarily associated with Ivan Pavlov, who demonstrated how neutral stimuli can be conditioned to elicit responses. Social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura, focuses on learning through observing others, which also diverges from Skinner's emphasis on direct reinforcement. Cognitive behavioral therapy integrates cognitive approaches with behavioral techniques but is not rooted in Skinner's operant conditioning principles. Thus, Skin