Which sampling method allows each member of a population an equal chance of being included?

Random sampling is a method that ensures every individual in the population has an equal opportunity to be included in the sample. This technique is foundational in research design because it minimizes selection bias and enhances the generalizability of the findings. By giving each member an equal chance to be selected, researchers can be more confident that their sample represents the larger population, which aids in drawing valid conclusions and making reliable inferences.

The approach typically involves using randomization techniques, such as a random number generator or drawing names from a hat, to select participants. This contrasts with other sampling methods that lack this equal chance component, which can lead to skewed results and limit the applicability of the research outcomes. For example, systematic sampling follows a fixed interval to choose participants, convenience sampling selects individuals based on ease of access, and quota sampling aims to represent certain characteristics of the population but does not provide equal opportunity to all individuals.