Which term describes a small group selected to represent a larger population in a study?

The term that describes a small group selected to represent a larger population in a study is "sample." A sample is crucial in research because it allows researchers to make inferences about the larger population without needing to study every individual within it. By carefully selecting a sample, researchers can ensure that it is representative of the broader population regarding specific characteristics or demographics, which enhances the reliability and generalizability of the study's findings.

Using a sample instead of the entire population is often necessary due to practical considerations such as time, cost, and accessibility. When researchers take a well-defined sample, they can draw conclusions that reflect the behaviors, attitudes, or attributes of the larger group while managing resources effectively and obtaining results more quickly.

In contrast, survey refers to the method researchers use to collect data, replication involves repeating a study to verify results, and validity pertains to the accuracy of a study in measuring what it intends to measure. These concepts, while important in psychology, serve different roles in the research process and do not specifically denote a group representing a population.